Pediatrics Recalls By Subject – Urology

A 3-year-old girl presents to the clinic with recurrent urinary tract infections and a single episode of pyelonephritis.
On voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) the finding below is demonstrated.

Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?

When examining a few-day-old newborn relaxed, the following finding (see image) is observed.

What is the standard treatment in this case?

A 5-year-old boy, generally healthy, arrived due to complaints of nocturnal enuresis, has never been weaned off diapers at nighttime. The mother reports that he tends to talk and walk in his sleep. Normal physical examination.

In addition to the urine osmolarity test, what other tests are recommended in order to advance the diagnosis?

A two-year-old female was brought to you for consultation due to the findings presented in the picture below.

What is the most common complication of a condition associated with this finding?