Pediatrics Recalls By Subject – Nephrology

A 7-year-old boy presents with 2 days of hematuria, several weeks after having an episode of pharyngitis. His examination is significant for hypertension. Laboratory results include low serum C3, proteinuria, and microscopic examination of the urine revealed red blood cell casts.

Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?

A 3-year-old boy presents with facial and limb edema. Urinalysis reveals significant proteinuria and blood work results are presented in the table.

Which of the following is a possible complicate his most likely disease?

A 15-year-old boy presents with a few months of deteriorating hearing. Hearing tests reveal bilateral sensoneuronal deficit.
The boy reports recurrent episodes of hematuria, and a maternal uncle with similar symptoms.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 7-year-old boy presents with hematuria, hypertension, and edema of the lower extremities. Urinalysis shows red

blood cells, proteinuria. Labs – mild normocytic anemia, low levels of C3.

Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?

A 12-year-old girl presents with hypoalbuminemia, edema of the lower extremities, and elevated cholesterol

Which of the following is the most common etiology?

6-year-old boy presents with hematuria, low urine output, and hypertension.

C3 levels are low, and C4 levels are normal.

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 6-year-old boy, normally healthy, was examined due to a rash in the shins and mainly in the area of the ankles and buttocks. The rash does not disappear when pressed and has a purplish color. Two days after the onset of the rash abdominal pain appeared. Blood pressure is normal, blood count is normal, chemistry panel is normal and on urinalysis, there is evidence of 30 red blood cells in the field of vision under the microscope. His complaints were resolved about a week later.

What would be the recommendation for the child at this stage?

Which of the following is an indication to begin dialysis in a 5-year-old boy with chronic renal failure?

An 8-month-old female is hospitalized due to a urinary tract infection. At the age of 6 months, she was hospitalized due to pyelonephritis and was treated with antibiotics according to standard practice with a good response. After hospitalization, she underwent an ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract with no evidence of pathological findings.

What would be your recommendation for this baby at the end of the current treatment?

An 18-month-old baby is evaluated due to a lack of weight gain. He has had several past episodes of dehydration that required fluid infusion. Not taking any medications. The blood test he had is described in the table:

Considering the findings of the tests, which finding will strengthen the decision regarding the child’s diagnosis?

As part of routine tests for a healthy 15-year-old boy, protein +2 was found in repeated urine tests. On examination: Normal blood pressure and pulse, BMI in the 90th percentile, the rest of the physical examination is normal. Normal blood count, kidney functions and albumin within the norm.

Which of the following tests would most likely advance the diagnosis?

A 2-months-old infant with failure to thrive is brought for a developmental assessment. Pregnancy was positive for polyhydramnios, and the parents are first degree cousins. Blood pressure is normal, and blood work is positive for metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and hypochloremia. Urine analysis reveals hypercalciuria.

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 16-year-old boy is referred for work-up of incidental proteinuria. Which of the following supports a diagnosis of orthostatic proteinuria?

Which of the following presents an indication for kidney biopsy in patients with nephrotic syndrome?

A 3-year-old presents with low grade-febrile fever, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, hypertension, and a suspected right abdominal mass. Blood work reveals thrombocytosis and a prolonged PTT.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 4-month-old male, healthy so far, arrives at the ER on a hot day, the parents describe a convulsion at home. On examination – the child is hypotonic. Body temperature 35°C. The parents reported that they gave him a large amount of water for fear of dehydration. What is the likely diagnosis?

A 10-year-old girl has suffered a head injury in a motor vehicle accident 24 hours ago. Over the last 20 hours she has been experiencing polydipsia and polyuria. Laboratory results-

Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment of her most likely disease?

A 3-year-old boy presents with polydipsia and polyurea, with no glucosuria.
Blood osmolarity is increased and urine osmolarity is decreased.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 3-year-old girl presents to the clinic with recurrent urinary tract infections and a single episode of pyelonephritis.
On voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) the finding below is demonstrated.

Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?

A 4-year-old male presents with a week-long history of fever and bloody diarrhea. Over the past day, he has become pale, weak, and lethargic. Laboratory tests reveal a clinical picture of acute kidney injury, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.

Which type of anemia is most consistent with his likely diagnosis?

Which of the following situations is an indication to perform a renal biopsy for a diagnosis of Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis?

A 7-year-old male, about one month ago completed treatment with steroids for nephrotic syndrome, which had fully resolved. He was hospitalized now due to a recurrent event of generalized edema, protein +3 in urine dipstick, a low blood albumin level, and hyperlipidemia.

What is the most appropriate management at this stage?

Which of the following is the most common cause of chronic renal failure occurring over the age of 5?

A two-year-old female was brought to you for consultation due to the findings presented in the picture below.

What is the most common complication of a condition associated with this finding?

A 5-year-old boy is hospitalized due to a red/purplish rash that has been present for 3 days and does not go away upon pressure. He also has abdominal pains. His blood pressure, blood count, and chemistry are normal, and on urinalysis, there is evidence of 30 red blood cells in the microscope field of view. A week after the start of his complaints, all of them were resolved.

What will monitoring of this patient include according to his probable diagnosis?

A 4-year-old female, for several days, has been complaining of swelling around the eyes, and swelling in the sacrum area and the lower limbs. Laboratory tests – normal kidney functions, hypoalbuminemia (albumin <1.5) and hypercholesterolemia. A urine test demonstrated an increased protein-to-creatinine ratio.

What complication is typically observed in the diagnosis from which the girl is most likely suffering?

A one-year-old toddler with significant failure to thrive, suffers from recurring dehydration events characterized by a laboratory picture of metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia and hypokalemia. What is the likely diagnosis of the toddler?

A 5-year-old girl arrives at the ER due to cola-colored dark urine and edemas in the lower extremities. Microscopic urinalysis shows erythrocyte casts. Lab tests as described in the table:

What is the most likely cause of the child’s condition?

A 4-year-old boy, pallor, weakness and tiredness appeared in the last 24 hours. About a week ago he had a febrile disease and bloody diarrhea. Lab tests as described in the table:

What is the most accurate definition of the anemia which the child has in his present disease?